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What is the difference between basalt and andesite?
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For instance, compositions change with position along the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge, and the compositions also define different ranges in different ocean basins (Hofmann, 2003).Isotope ratios of elements such as strontium, neodymium, lead, hafnium, and osmium in basalts have been much-studied, so as to learn about evolution of the Earth's mantle. It may result from melting of wet basalts and other materials (sediment, continental crust) at subduction zones (where one plate goes down into the mantle beneath another one), or from mixing of magmas, or from fractional crystallization (separation of crystals from magma) during cooling
Geology Cafe.com
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Fortunately, the most common minerals are fairly easy to identify by general appearance or with simple tests for hardness, crystal form, color, magnetism, and streak (does it leave a colored line when scratched on a piece of tile?). metamorphic processes cause changes in the mineral composition in rocks: changes in heat, pressure, and exposure to fluids, over time, will change the mineral composition of earth materials, such as converting sediments into sedimentary rocks, changing sedimentary and igneous rocks into metamorphic rocks
Rocks under the Microscope - Index
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Gneiss (biotite gneiss) Gneisses are highly metamorphosed rocks that have a banding or an alignment of minerals, but have little mica and so do not tend to split along the banding. When these are compressed and heated a little, tiny new flakes of mica grow, and tend to line themselves up at right angles to the direction of compression
Metamorphic Rocks
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Metamorphic.html Competition: low
Click here for online mineral and rock ID charts Increasing grade very common in sedimentary sequences Layers of sediment pile up deeper and deeper Leads to lithification of the lower layers As additional layers of sediments are added on top, the lowest portions begin to metamorphose Followed to its logical conclusion... 247) Very hard and durable Looks like sandstone But, the rock will break through the quartz grains, not around them Hornfels: derived from shale (usually) Also very hard, dense, and durable Marble: derived from limestone (Monroe; fig
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In small intrusions, such as sills and dykes, the rocks cooled more quickly, and have smaller crystals (microgranite, etc) Magma that erupted onto the surface cooled as lava, and are known as EXTRUSIVE. So the molten rock which cools before reaching the surface is called Intrusive igneous rock.It cools into larger crystals and examples of this type of rock are Granite,Diorite and Gabbro
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Andesite magma is characterized by intermediate temperatures and viscosities resulting in both passive (lava) and violent (pyroclastic) eruptive styles
Igneous rock associations 8. Arc magmatism II: geochemical and isotopic characteristics. - Free Online Library
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The only plausible sedimentary source is from the subduction zone itself, supporting the notion that sediments are dragged down the subduction zone, and LIL elements derived from them are introduced into the mantle wedge. Andesites formed either by mixing of basaltic and rhyolitic magmas, or by contamination of a more mafic parent by the continental crust commonly display textural evidence of disequilibrium (Eichelberger 1975) or field evidence of magma mixing or host rock assimilation (Wiebe et al
Lava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The thickness of a basalt lava, particularly on a low slope, may be much greater than the thickness of the moving lava flow at any one time, because basalt lavas may "inflate" by supply of lava beneath a solidified crust. Pillow lava Pillow lava (NOAA) Main article: Pillow lava Pillow lava is the lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or subglacial volcano or a lava flow enters the ocean
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large granitic dome, part of the Sierra Batholith exposed in Sequoyah National Park; note forest observation tower on top of dome view of some of the California Batholith, exposed in Joshua Tree National Park view of San Gabriel Mountains granite, part of the California Batholith Dave Schaar on the high ridge of Mt
http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/bperry/IgneousRocksTour/IntrusiveIgneousRocks.html Competition: low
gabbro hand sample gabbro boulder used to protect a beach in southern California same gabbro boulder from photo above, but much closer view small gabbro outcrop - an intrusion within a larger body of granite large mafic dike finer-grained gabbro, closeup from photo above; texture probably due to rapid chilling from cooler rocks that surrounded the mafic intrusion Return to the top of this page
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Generally, the mineral constituents of fine grained extrusive igneous rocks can only be determined by examination of thin sections of the rock under a microscope, so only an approximate classification can usually be made in the field. Igneous rocks which have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called phaneritic; those with crystals too small to be seen are called aphanitic
Igneous Rock Identification
http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/Geol101/labs/igneous/ Competition: low
Unless otherwise noted, all images and graphics contained within are the property of Richard Harwood and may only be reproduced with permission from the author. Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals which are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals
Igneous rock
http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/i/Igneous_rock.htm Competition: low
They showed how vague and often unscientific was much of the existing terminology and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic it should be elevated to prime position. History of classification In 1902, a group of American petrographers proposed that all existing classifications of igneous rocks should be discarded and replaced by a "quantitative" classification based on chemical analysis
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the escape of gas bubbles dissolved in the lave during eruption the weathering and erosion of olivine crystals after the eruption air bubbles entrained in the flow during the eruption vaporization during underwater eruption What mineral occurs in box I of Bowen's Reaction Series (above) amphibole Ca-rich plagioclase olivine quartz What mineral occurs at point II of Bowen's Reaction Series (above) Na-rich plagioclase Ca-rich plagioclase olivine quartz What mineral occurs in box III of Bowen's Reaction Series (above) Na-rich plagioclase muscovite olivine quartz Which of the following volcanic chains formed at a tectonic setting similar to "A"? Aleutian Islands Andes Mountains Cascade Range Hawaiian Islands What type of lava is most likely to erupt at tectonic setting "B"? andesitic basaltic rhyolitic none of the above Which of the following volcanoes formed at a tectonic setting similar to "C"? Hekla, Iceland Mauna Loa Mount Pelee, Martinique Mount St. mineralogy texture color density Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow? near the top surface of the flow in the center of the flow near the bottom of the flow the crystals would have the same grain size throughout the flow According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following pairs of phases are likely to be incompatible? quartz and alkali feldspar Ca-Plagioclase and olivine quartz and olivine Na-plagioclase and amphibole The last mineral (assuming that the composition is appropriate) to crystallize from a magma is: plagioclase olivine quartz pyroxene The fine grained (aphanatic) equivalent of a granite is a: rhyolite gabbro andesite basalt Grains are alkali feldspar and quartz
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry11.html Competition: low
It is important to note that there are many intermediate steps in the purification process, and many intermediate magmas which are produced during the conversion from mafic to felsic. Saprolite.) Felsic, on the other hand, is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly enriched in the lighter elements, such as silicon and oxygen, aluminum, and potassium
http://topex.ucsd.edu/es10/lectures/lecture16/lecture16.html Competition: low
(Of course people who study this make a much bigger deal out of it! If magmas don't have much silica, their minerals are dominated by magnesium and iron (Fe) - hence the term MAFIC (MA- from the magnesium and FIC from the Fe), or even ULTRAMAFIC for the really silica poor varieties. Because of the great conveyor belt of plate tectonics, rocks can encounter a variety of environmental conditions riding around in pressure, temperature, fluid space
Igneous rock
http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153764/ Competition: low
One sequence, the discontinuous series, involves the formation of chemically unique minerals at discrete temperature intervals from iron- and magnesium-rich mafic magma. Types of Igneous Rocks The type of igneous rocks that form from magma is a function of three factors: the chemical composition of the magma; temperature of solidification; and the rate of cooling which influences the crystallization process
About Igneous Rocks
http://geology.about.com/cs/basics_roxmin/a/aa011804a.htm Competition: low
Because they solidified from a fluid state, igneous rocks tend to have a uniform fabric without layers, and the mineral grains are packed together tightly. They generally talk about basaltic and granitic or granitoid rocks among themselves and out in the field, because it takes laboratory work to determine an exact rock type according to the official classifications
Igneous Rocks
http://scienceviews.com/geology/igneous.html Competition: low
Depending on the proportion of light minerals to dark minerals, igneous rocks can be broken into four main types: felsic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/magmatyp.html Competition: low
For example, minerals at the top of the series tend to be iron and magnesium rich, low in silica, very hot, and produce dark colored minerals, such a pyroxene, amphibole, and Ca plagioclase
http://www.galleries.com/rocks/igneous.htm Competition: low
These two types of igneous rocks are called extrusive (because it extruded or came out of the Earth) and intrusive (because it intruded and stayed inside the Earth). Identification of the rock's minerals is of course important and is easy to do when the minerals are found in large crystals and can easily be identified
Introduction to Igneous Rocks
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Introigrx.html Competition: low
They are arranged in Bowen's Reaction Series (BRS) by temperature of formation, high temperature ones at the top and low temperature ones at the bottom. (See Table to right of gasses from the Hawaiian volcano.) If cooling is "slow" (thousands to millions of years) below ground the minerals grow large enough to see with the eye, as with the granite to the left
Igneous rock - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock Competition: low
They showed how vague and often unscientific was much of the existing terminology and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic it should be elevated to prime position. Igneous rocks which have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called phaneritic; those with crystals too small to be seen are called aphanitic
What is the difference between basalt and andesite?
http://askville.amazon.com/difference-basalt-andesite/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=2582035 Competition: lowFor instance, compositions change with position along the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge, and the compositions also define different ranges in different ocean basins (Hofmann, 2003).Isotope ratios of elements such as strontium, neodymium, lead, hafnium, and osmium in basalts have been much-studied, so as to learn about evolution of the Earth's mantle. It may result from melting of wet basalts and other materials (sediment, continental crust) at subduction zones (where one plate goes down into the mantle beneath another one), or from mixing of magmas, or from fractional crystallization (separation of crystals from magma) during cooling
Geology Cafe.com
Fortunately, the most common minerals are fairly easy to identify by general appearance or with simple tests for hardness, crystal form, color, magnetism, and streak (does it leave a colored line when scratched on a piece of tile?). metamorphic processes cause changes in the mineral composition in rocks: changes in heat, pressure, and exposure to fluids, over time, will change the mineral composition of earth materials, such as converting sediments into sedimentary rocks, changing sedimentary and igneous rocks into metamorphic rocks
Rocks under the Microscope - Index
Gneiss (biotite gneiss) Gneisses are highly metamorphosed rocks that have a banding or an alignment of minerals, but have little mica and so do not tend to split along the banding. When these are compressed and heated a little, tiny new flakes of mica grow, and tend to line themselves up at right angles to the direction of compression
Metamorphic Rocks
Click here for online mineral and rock ID charts Increasing grade very common in sedimentary sequences Layers of sediment pile up deeper and deeper Leads to lithification of the lower layers As additional layers of sediments are added on top, the lowest portions begin to metamorphose Followed to its logical conclusion... 247) Very hard and durable Looks like sandstone But, the rock will break through the quartz grains, not around them Hornfels: derived from shale (usually) Also very hard, dense, and durable Marble: derived from limestone (Monroe; fig
In small intrusions, such as sills and dykes, the rocks cooled more quickly, and have smaller crystals (microgranite, etc) Magma that erupted onto the surface cooled as lava, and are known as EXTRUSIVE. So the molten rock which cools before reaching the surface is called Intrusive igneous rock.It cools into larger crystals and examples of this type of rock are Granite,Diorite and Gabbro
Andesite magma is characterized by intermediate temperatures and viscosities resulting in both passive (lava) and violent (pyroclastic) eruptive styles
Igneous rock associations 8. Arc magmatism II: geochemical and isotopic characteristics. - Free Online Library
The only plausible sedimentary source is from the subduction zone itself, supporting the notion that sediments are dragged down the subduction zone, and LIL elements derived from them are introduced into the mantle wedge. Andesites formed either by mixing of basaltic and rhyolitic magmas, or by contamination of a more mafic parent by the continental crust commonly display textural evidence of disequilibrium (Eichelberger 1975) or field evidence of magma mixing or host rock assimilation (Wiebe et al
Lava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The thickness of a basalt lava, particularly on a low slope, may be much greater than the thickness of the moving lava flow at any one time, because basalt lavas may "inflate" by supply of lava beneath a solidified crust. Pillow lava Pillow lava (NOAA) Main article: Pillow lava Pillow lava is the lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or subglacial volcano or a lava flow enters the ocean
large granitic dome, part of the Sierra Batholith exposed in Sequoyah National Park; note forest observation tower on top of dome view of some of the California Batholith, exposed in Joshua Tree National Park view of San Gabriel Mountains granite, part of the California Batholith Dave Schaar on the high ridge of Mt
gabbro hand sample gabbro boulder used to protect a beach in southern California same gabbro boulder from photo above, but much closer view small gabbro outcrop - an intrusion within a larger body of granite large mafic dike finer-grained gabbro, closeup from photo above; texture probably due to rapid chilling from cooler rocks that surrounded the mafic intrusion Return to the top of this page
Generally, the mineral constituents of fine grained extrusive igneous rocks can only be determined by examination of thin sections of the rock under a microscope, so only an approximate classification can usually be made in the field. Igneous rocks which have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called phaneritic; those with crystals too small to be seen are called aphanitic
Igneous Rock Identification
Unless otherwise noted, all images and graphics contained within are the property of Richard Harwood and may only be reproduced with permission from the author. Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals which are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals
Igneous rock
They showed how vague and often unscientific was much of the existing terminology and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic it should be elevated to prime position. History of classification In 1902, a group of American petrographers proposed that all existing classifications of igneous rocks should be discarded and replaced by a "quantitative" classification based on chemical analysis
403 Error - Forbidden File :: Georgia Perimeter College
Please try one of the following: If you are trying to access your instructor's page, send him or her this message by email for the correct address of their page
the escape of gas bubbles dissolved in the lave during eruption the weathering and erosion of olivine crystals after the eruption air bubbles entrained in the flow during the eruption vaporization during underwater eruption What mineral occurs in box I of Bowen's Reaction Series (above) amphibole Ca-rich plagioclase olivine quartz What mineral occurs at point II of Bowen's Reaction Series (above) Na-rich plagioclase Ca-rich plagioclase olivine quartz What mineral occurs in box III of Bowen's Reaction Series (above) Na-rich plagioclase muscovite olivine quartz Which of the following volcanic chains formed at a tectonic setting similar to "A"? Aleutian Islands Andes Mountains Cascade Range Hawaiian Islands What type of lava is most likely to erupt at tectonic setting "B"? andesitic basaltic rhyolitic none of the above Which of the following volcanoes formed at a tectonic setting similar to "C"? Hekla, Iceland Mauna Loa Mount Pelee, Martinique Mount St. mineralogy texture color density Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow? near the top surface of the flow in the center of the flow near the bottom of the flow the crystals would have the same grain size throughout the flow According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following pairs of phases are likely to be incompatible? quartz and alkali feldspar Ca-Plagioclase and olivine quartz and olivine Na-plagioclase and amphibole The last mineral (assuming that the composition is appropriate) to crystallize from a magma is: plagioclase olivine quartz pyroxene The fine grained (aphanatic) equivalent of a granite is a: rhyolite gabbro andesite basalt Grains are alkali feldspar and quartz
It is important to note that there are many intermediate steps in the purification process, and many intermediate magmas which are produced during the conversion from mafic to felsic. Saprolite.) Felsic, on the other hand, is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly enriched in the lighter elements, such as silicon and oxygen, aluminum, and potassium
(Of course people who study this make a much bigger deal out of it! If magmas don't have much silica, their minerals are dominated by magnesium and iron (Fe) - hence the term MAFIC (MA- from the magnesium and FIC from the Fe), or even ULTRAMAFIC for the really silica poor varieties. Because of the great conveyor belt of plate tectonics, rocks can encounter a variety of environmental conditions riding around in pressure, temperature, fluid space
Igneous rock
One sequence, the discontinuous series, involves the formation of chemically unique minerals at discrete temperature intervals from iron- and magnesium-rich mafic magma. Types of Igneous Rocks The type of igneous rocks that form from magma is a function of three factors: the chemical composition of the magma; temperature of solidification; and the rate of cooling which influences the crystallization process
About Igneous Rocks
Because they solidified from a fluid state, igneous rocks tend to have a uniform fabric without layers, and the mineral grains are packed together tightly. They generally talk about basaltic and granitic or granitoid rocks among themselves and out in the field, because it takes laboratory work to determine an exact rock type according to the official classifications
Igneous Rocks
Depending on the proportion of light minerals to dark minerals, igneous rocks can be broken into four main types: felsic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic
For example, minerals at the top of the series tend to be iron and magnesium rich, low in silica, very hot, and produce dark colored minerals, such a pyroxene, amphibole, and Ca plagioclase
These two types of igneous rocks are called extrusive (because it extruded or came out of the Earth) and intrusive (because it intruded and stayed inside the Earth). Identification of the rock's minerals is of course important and is easy to do when the minerals are found in large crystals and can easily be identified
Introduction to Igneous Rocks
They are arranged in Bowen's Reaction Series (BRS) by temperature of formation, high temperature ones at the top and low temperature ones at the bottom. (See Table to right of gasses from the Hawaiian volcano.) If cooling is "slow" (thousands to millions of years) below ground the minerals grow large enough to see with the eye, as with the granite to the left
Igneous rock - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
They showed how vague and often unscientific was much of the existing terminology and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic it should be elevated to prime position. Igneous rocks which have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called phaneritic; those with crystals too small to be seen are called aphanitic
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